Duc Louis I d' Orléans

Notes:

Premier Prince du Sang Royal de France.

Louis married Markgräfin Auguste Marie Johanna von Baden-Baden in 1724. Auguste (daughter of Markgraf Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden and Franziska Sibylle Auguste von Sachsen-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg) was born on 10 Nov 1704 in Aschaffenburg, Unterfranken, Bayern, Deutschland; died on 8 Aug 1726 in Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Duc Louis Philippe I de Chartres was born on 12 May 1725 in Versailles, Yvelines, Île-de-France,, France; died on 18 Nov 1785 in Chateau de Sainte-Assi.
2. Louise Marie d' Orléans was born in 1726; died in 1728.

Notes:

Hertog van Orleans; Premier Prince du Sang Royal de France.

Philippe married Francoise Marie de Blois on 18 Feb 1692 in Versailles, Yvelines, Île-de-France,, France. Francoise (daughter of Roy Louis de France, XIV and Marquise Françoise Athenais de Rochechouart-Mortemart) was born on 4 May 1677 in Chateau de Maintenon; died on 1 Feb 1749 in Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Mademoiselle de Blois

Notes:

Hertog van Anjou, daarna van Orleans (1660), Valois en Chartres (1661), Nemours (1672) en Montpensier (1690).
Premier Prince du Sang Royal de France.
homosexual

Philippe married Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz on 21 Nov 1671 in Chalons. Elisabeth (daughter of Kurfürst Karl I Ludwig von der Pfalz and Landgräfin Charlotte von Hessen-Kassel) was born on 27 May 1652 in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg,, Deutschland; died on 8 Dec 1722 in St Cloud. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

King of France (1643-1715).
Louis XIV, Louis XIII's son and his successor in l 643, was a mere 5 years old when he mounted the throne and his mother, Anne of Austria, became Regent until 1651. In fact, it was her right-hand man and adviser, Mazarin, who governed until his death in 1661. Mazarin's first aim was to continue the war against the imperial army that had begun during the reign of Louis XIII. The French army won the Battle of Rocroi (1643), conquered the left bank of the Rhine (1644) and was victorious in Nordlingen (1645). The Treaties of Westphalia signed in 1648 put an end to the war and France obtained a number of bases in Alsace. The conflict, however, had caused increasing economic and financial difficulties and Mazarin had been content to use expedients to bring money into the State's coffers. In 1648, his policies led to opposition; this was the beginning of the Fronde Revolt, the last brutal, disorganised manifestation of armed opposition to royal authority. Its failure resulted in the triumph of absolute monarchy. The Fronde was initially a rebellion on the part of the Parliamentarians in Paris, forcing the royal family to flee (January 1649) and Mazarin to negotiate (Peace of Saint-Germain). In 1650, however, it became a revolt on the part of the princes and a veritable civil war broke out. It was all the more serious because the Prince de Conde allied hirn­self with Spain which was still at war. Mazarin was forced into exile on two occa­sions, in 1651 and 1652, in order to pave the way for peace. However, the exces­ses of the princes and the terror instigated by Conde in Paris led to final victory for Mazarin and royal authority. The Cardinal returned to the capital in February 1653; this was the end of the Fronde. All that remained for Louis XIV and Mazarin to do was to end the war with Spain. It continued until l 659, marked by battles on the Spanish border and in the north of France, with successive victories and defeats. Eventually, the French victory at the Battle of the Dunes in 1658 led to the signa­ture of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 under which France obtained the Roussillon, Cerdagne and Artois areas as well as numerous places in Flanders. It also provided for Louis XIV's marriage with Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain; the wedding took place in 1660. Mazarin died in 1661, leaving the young king a coun­try at peace, healthy finances and stronger royal power. The political education that Louis XIV had received was to serve him in his efforts to instigate an absolu­te monarchy in France. His personal reign began in 1661 and lasted for an excep­tionally long time (54 years). During it, Louis XIV left his mark on France. He was aware of his royal prerogatives at a very early age and, when Mazarin died, Louis XIV announced that he would no longer be appointing a prime minister. He then removed the influential Fouquet from power. The king was aided by minis­ters in his search for grandeur, among them Colbert in charge of finances and the Navy, Le Tellier and Louvois at the Ministry of War and Lionne who dealt with foreign affairs, but all of them merely carried out the monarch's orders. The aris­tocracy lost all influence and power. It was excluded from political life, especial­ly after the court moved to Versailles (1682). The parliaments became no more than rubber stamps, the States General were never convened and administrative centralisation was strengthened through the use of intendants. Gradually, the cult of royal majesty developed. Louis became the "Sun King" in a system based on the theory of monarchy by divine right. Thanks to a major economic boom (within an authoritarian State-based regime), wealth for the country as a whole because of Colbert's ideas and the strongest army in Europe led by great generals such as Conde and Turenne, Louis XIV was able to impose his law on Europe. His aggres­sive foreign policy and territorial ambitions led to four wars during his reign for other European countries were worried by his attitude. The War of Devolution (1667-1668) against Spain led to the conquest of fortresses in Flanders, including Lille. The Dutch War (1672-1678), which was marked by the invasion of the Low Countries, produced an anti-French coalition but enabled the country to obtain Franche-Comte and Artois under the terms of the Treaty of Nijmegen and push back the northern and eastern borders. The policy of "reunions" implemented by Louis XIV during peace time, i.e. annexation of other territories including Strasburg (1681) led to a second coalition and the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) in which France found it more difficult to stand up to its enemies. When the Peace of Rijswick was signed, Louis XIV was obliged to give back all the land he had obtained after 1679, with the exception of Strasburg. The question of the Spanish succession caused the last war since King Charles II, who had no heir, had designated as his successor the Duke of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was particularly difficult for France which suffered serious defeats. The northern part of France was invaded and the country seemed to be on the point of succumbing but the victory at the Battle of Denain (1712) gave it one final burst of energy and paved the way for the signature of a peace treaty which left Louis XIV with all his territories except for his lands in North America (Treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt). France emerged from these numerous wars impoverished and in ruins. As far as religion was concerned, Louis XIV behaved as the head of the Church of France, opposing the Pope's views in the royal prerogative concerning revenue from vacant sees and abbacies, persecuting the Jansenists and, more particularly, the Protestants. This latter poli­cy led to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the emigration of thousands of followers of the Reformed Religion. In cultural matters, Louis XIV was a patron of the arts and both letters and arts blossomed during his reign thanks to the pro­section afforded by the monarch to numerous people e.g. Moliere, Racine, Boileau or Lully, the creation of academies, and the numerous building projects launched (Versailles). He married Maria Theresa of Austria but soon tired of her. He had numerous mistresses including Mademoiselle de la Valliere and Madame de Montespan, and produced numerous children, all of whom were legitimised. After the queen's death in 1683, the king secretly remarried with Madame de Maintenon. By the end of his reign, he had lost all his children and grandchildren and he was succeeded on his death by his only living great-grandson, Louis XV, in 1715.

Louis married Marquise Françoise Athenais de Rochechouart-Mortemart on 28 Jan 1663 (separation). Françoise (daughter of Prince Gabriel de Rochechouart and Marquise Diane de Grandseigne) was born on 26 Apr 1641 in Tonnay, Charente, France; died on 27 May 1707 in Bourbon-L'archambaud, Alliers, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Marquise de Montespan

Notes:

McCumber may have been former married name. Maiden name not found. *Montana death record lists Rippengale (sp), Tillie age 52 died 2 Mar1916.

Louis married Anne Maurice von Österreich on 24 Nov 1615 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes, France. Anne (daughter of Rey Felipe III d' Espana and Margarita von Österreich) was born on 22 Sep 1601 in Valladolid, España; died on 20 Jan 1666 in Le Louvre, Paris, Île-de-France, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Koningin regentesse van Frankrijk

Notes:

Kurfrst; Pfalzgraf

Karl married Landgräfin Charlotte von Hessen-Kassel on 22 Feb 1650 in Kassel, Hessen, Deutschland, and was divorced in 1657. Charlotte (daughter of Landgraf Wilhelm V von Hessen and Gräfin Amalie Elisabeth von Hanau-Münzenberg) was born on 20 Nov 1627 in Kassel, Hessen, Deutschland; died on 26 Mar 1686 in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg,, Deutschland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

prince de Tonnay-Charente

Gabriel married Marquise Diane de Grandseigne. Diane died on 11 Feb 1666. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

marquise de Grandseigne

Notes:

THE BOURBONS
The Bourbon kings came from one line of the Capetian dynasty. They first acceded to the throne of France in 1589 through Henri IV, King of Navarre, who had a claim to the throne through his father, Antoine de Bourbon, an eighth-generation descendent of Robert, the son of St. Louis.
The Bourbons reigned from 1589 to 1792 and again from 1814 to 1830, giving France seven of its kings. Louis XIII and Louis XIV set up a system of government based on absolute monarchy but this was swept away by the French Revolution in 1789 during which Louis XVI was overthrown and sent to the guillotine.
Yet the dynasty survived through the brothers of the deceased monarch and, during the Restoration of the monarchy in 1814 (after the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods), Louis XVIII and Charles X reigned in their turns.
After the 1830 Revolution and the abdication of Charles X, the crown passed to the Orleans line. The French Bourbon line died out in 1883 with the death of the Comte de Chambord, grandson of the last king, Charles X. However the Bourbon dynasty had many branches and has continued to exist in other countries e.g. Spain where its descendants still form the royal family.

King of Navarre (1572-1610), King of France (1589-1610). Henri IV, the son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret, became the lea­der of the Calvinist party at the age of 16, after the death of Conde. When his mother died, he became King of Navarre (1572) and was married, that same year, to Marguerite de Valois, the sister of Charles IX, as a sign of reconciliation bet­ween Catholics and Protestants. Six days later, he escaped death and injury during the St. Bartolomew's Day massacre by tardily converting to the Roman Catholic faith. In 1576, Henri of Navarre fled the court, abjured Catholicism, and took over the leadership of the Protestant army. He then fought the Catholics for several years. When Henri II's last son died in 1584, leaving Henri III on the throne but childless, Henri of Navarre became Heir Presumptive and this led to another war. After Henri III's murder on the outskirts of Paris in 1589, Henri IV became King of France but his first aim was to conquer his kingdom, where some of the popu­lation had rejected him because of his Protestant religion. He fought the Leaguers and their ally, Philip II of Spain. Henri IV defeated Mayenne, the head of the League, in Argues in 1589 and again in Ivry in 1590 but was unable to take either Paris or Rouen. Realising that religion prevented his acceptance by the entire population of France, he eventually abjured Protestantism one last time in July 1593 and had himself anointed king in Chartres in February 1594. This enabled him to make an official entry into Paris (March 1594). He had, however, to fight the last Leaguers for some considerable time before obtaining their submission. He also fought Philip II of Spain. Henry IV was victorious in Fontaine-Frangaise (1595) but fighting continued in the north of France until 1598. The two monarchs then signed the Treaty of Vervins which confirmed the conditions laid down in Cateau-Cambresis and restored peace between Spain and France. In the same year, Henri IV brought religious peace to a country tired of fighting, through the Edict of Nantes (April) which gave Protestants freedom of conscience and freedom of worship. From 1598 onwards, royal authority was gradually restored, after being seriously called into question during 36 years of civil war. The king showed his authority by refraining from convening the States General, reducing claims from Parliaments and putting down, with great severity, any attempted revolt on the part of the nobility (Marechal de Biron was executed in 1602). In order to ensure Hat he had the loyalty of his public servants, he promulgated the Edict of La Paulette which required them to pay for what then became hereditary offices (1604). His work to redress the situation in France also affected the economic and financial sectors. Thanks to Sully, the situation rapidly improved through a policy aimed at limiting expenditure, encouraging agriculture, developing industries and introdu­cing a mercantile system that would enrich the country. Henri IV also worked to develop maritime trade and signed a treaty with England. Finally, he encouraged the colonial conquest of Canada where Champlain founded the town of Quebec (1608). As far as foreign policy was concerned, the second part of his reign was marked only by one short war against the Duke of Savoy (1600). France was vic­torious and acquired the Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and Gex areas. In 1610, Henri IV intended to launch a new war against the imperial army but he was assassina­ted by a fanatic, Ravaillac. In lS99, he had obtained the annulment of his marria­ge to Marguerite de Valois; he married Marie de Medici in the following year. This marriage produced Louis XIII and Gaston d'Orleans. The `'gay old spark" also had a number of mistresses including Gabrielle d'Estrees and Henriette d'Entragues, and a large number of illegitimate children whom he legitimised. Henri IV has remained the most popular of the French monarchs.
**************************************************
first Bourbon king of France, was the son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret. On her death he succeeded to the kingdom of Navarre (1572). He took leadership of the Huguenot (Protestant) party in 1569. His marriage
in 1572 with Marguerite de Valois was the occasion for the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. Henri saved his life by abjuring Protestantism, but in 1576 he escaped from his virtual imprisonment at court and returned to Protestantism. When in 1584 Henri III named him heir presumptive, the Catholic League, headed by Henri 3rd Duc de Guise refused to recognize him and persuaded Henri III to send an army to force his conversion. In the resulting "War of the Three Henries," Henry de Navarre defeated Henri III at Coutras (1587) but came to the king's support in the troubles of 1588, and after Henri III's death (1589) defeated the League forces at Arques (1589) and Ivrey (1590); he was unable to enter Paris until 1594, after he had abjured Protestantism -- allegedly with the remark, "Paris is well worth a Mass." His war with Spain, the ally of the League, ended in 1598 with the Treaty of Vervins. In 1598 he also established religious toleration through the Edict of Nantes. With his minister Sully he spent the rest of his reign restoring order, industry, and trade. His slogan, "A chicken in every peasant's pot every Sunday," has remained famous. In 1600 he married Marie de' Medici, having had his earlier marriage annulled. His gallantry and wit, his concern for the common people, and his exploits with the ladies have become legendary.
--Columbia-Viking desk encyclopedia, 1953
****************************************************
Under Henry IV's reign, the Court was no longer to reach the matchless heights which the last of the Valois had wanted to give it. The king being too busy in reest­tablishing harmony between his subjects, forsook the luxury res­idences of the Val de Loire which no longer seemed to match tastes of that period. His son, Louis XIII, was still to come to Amboise or Chambord from time to time, but only to satisfy his liking for both hunting and solitude.
In Blois, he was to exile his mother who succeeded in escaping, then he offered the estate to his brother Gaston so that he was no threat to his power. At the time of the Fronde, organised grand celebrations in Chambord. In the guard room, Moliere and his troupe staged " Monsieur de Pourceaugnac". Yet the young king, mortally offended by Fouquet's luxury - his financial secretary, castellan of Vaux le Vicomte, was soon only to be concerned with building Versailles in order to give proof of an absolute monarchy.

Henry married Maria di Medici on 27 Dec 1600 in Lyons. Maria (daughter of Duca Francesco Maria di Medici, I and Giovanna von Österreich) was born on 26 Apr 1573 in Firenze, Toscana, Italia; died on 3 Jul 1642 in Cologne. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Even though she was a woman of mediocre intelligence and considerable piety, at twenty-seven she found herself Queen of France. Henri IV had hoped to marry Gabrielle d'Estrees after his first marriage was annulled but she had died in childbirth. He had then considered another of his mistresses, Henriette Catherine de Balzac. However, his chief minister, the Duc de Sully arranged the marriage with Marie de' Medici. Even though far from attractive and known as "the fat banker", she provided the king with several children, so did several other ladies including Henriette Catherine de Balzac. All these children were brought up together. In November 1609 she prepared to give birth to her last child. One evening her eldest son, Louis, climbed into the waiting cradle and rocked himself to sleep. Marie had performed her prime duty by providing the king with healthy children but found it difficult to accept his many infidelities while the king despised his fat blonde Florentine wife.
Being so much older then Marie, Henri IV foresaw a possible regency. As well Marie wanted to be crowned queen which would make it easier to claim the regency. Henri IV had always rejected the idea as a soothsayer had prophesised he would be murdered the day after Marie's coronation. The astrologer had also mentioned the date, 13 May. However, to pacify Marie, he consented. Sully tried to delay the ceremony but Marie insisted, claiming she had waited long enough.
Even though he suffered from nightmares, Henri IV tried to ignore the prophecy. As predicted the coronation took place on 13 May 1610 and the following day Henri IV was murdered by Ravaillac. When the news was broken to Marie, she at first thought it had been their son, the Dauphin, who had been killed and showed unexpected affection when for at least seven years she had never embraced her son. Returning to the palace she wailed there as loudly as she had argued with her husband during the previous weeks. When Sully arrived at the palace she cried: "The king is dead, the king is dead", at which he coldly replied that the kings of France never died and, pointing to her son, said, "Madame, there is the living king." Marie then took her son to Parliament and demanded the Regency; she also ordered that her son should from now on sleep in her own bedroom. France's rule had gone suddenly from an experienced man to an unintelligent woman. Marie was now Queen-Regent which she remained until 1617, but it was a bad time for France. Sully, her husband's trusted minister, was replaced by Concini, an Italian and husband of her foster-sister, Leonora Galigai. The Princes of the Blood objected and so did the nobility. To counter-act the League they had formed, Concini granted pensions which impoverished the crown. However, in 1617 Louis XIII, Marie's eldest son, came of age and Concini, after being arrested, was murdered and Marie was banished to Blois to enable Louis XIII, who had never liked his fat, indolent and stupid mother, to assume government.
In 1619 Marie climbed out of a window and escaped from her confinement. At last a meeting with her son was arranged and when she saw him, after exclaiming how much he had grown, she burst into tears. She remained free but did not return to the Court. When Louis XIII wanted to arrange the marriage of her youngest daughter, he required her consent. However, she asked him not to decide until she had returned to Court. However, she remained in the country and was soon joined by opponents of her son. Moreover, as the prospective groom was one of those who had joined her, the marriage never took place. Later, when again reconciled with her son, she returned to the Court and put her hand to having her daughter married to the future king of England.

Source: Leo van de Pas

Notes:

Koning van Spanje 1598 - 1621; liet de regering over aan tijn vertrouwelingen waardoor corruptie hoogtij vierde. Sloot met nederland een 12 jarige wapenstistand (1609 - 1621) en sloot met Engeland in 1604 vrede.

Felipe married Margarita von Österreich on 18 Apr 1599 in Valencia, España. Margarita (daughter of Erzherzog Karl II von Österreich and Maria Anna von Bayern) was born on 25 Dec 1584 in Graz, Steiermark, Österreich; died on 3 Oct 1611 in El Escurial, España. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Kurfürst 1619/1615-1623, König von Böhmen 1619/20 (Winterkönig), verloor de slag "am Weißen Berge" bij Praag (1620) vluchtte naar Nederland en verloor met zijn erfland de "Kurwürde" aan Bayern.

Friedrich married Princess Elisabeth Stuart on 14 Feb 1613 in Whitehall, London, Middlesex, England. Elisabeth (daughter of King James Stuart, VI - I and Anna af Danmark) was born on 19 Aug 1596 in Falkland Palace, Fife, Scotland; died on 23 Jan 1662 in London, Leicester House; was buried in Westminster, London, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Wilhelm married Gräfin Amalie Elisabeth von Hanau-Münzenberg. Amalie (daughter of Graf Philipp Ludwig II von Hanau-Münzenberg and Katharina Belgica von Nassau-Oranien) was born on 29 Jan 1602 in Hanau; died on 18 Aug 1651 in Kassel, Hessen, Deutschland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

regent of Hesse-Cassel 1637-1650

Notes:

marquis de Mortemart

Gaspard married Comtesse Louise de Maure on 5 Aug 1600. Louise (daughter of Charles de Maure and Princesse Diane d' Escars) was born in 1575; died on 23 Jul 1643. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

comtesse de Maure

Notes:

2e Hertog van Vendome en Beaumont, wordt 1555 koning van Navarra door zijn huwlijk met Jeanne III.

Antoine married Reine Jeanne d' Albret, III in 1548. Jeanne (daughter of Roy Henry d' Albret, (II) and Margareth d' Orléans) was born in 1528; died on 2 Jul 1572. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Reine de Navarre

Notes:

Francesco, the successors of Cosimo (who died in 1574 at the age of 54) was an introverted man, gloomy given to silence, definitely not as good as his father had been. What is more, he was distracted by very different interests, particularly scientific and alchemistic studies. He was also distracted by an intense love-affair with a beautiful venetian young lady Bianca Cappello that he married after his official wife Joanna of Austria passed away. Both of them Francesco and Bianca died in 1582, mysteriously one after the other in their Villa at Poggio a Caiano and since Francesco's only son little Don Filippo had died, too, the only heir of the Medici family was Francesco's brother: cardinal Ferdinando.

(Medical):3 jan 2007
ROME - Scientists in Italy believe they have uncovered a murder - 400 years after it is thought to have taken place. Historians have long suspected that Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his second wife, Bianca Cappello, did not die of malaria but were poisoned - by Francesco's brother, Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici, who was vying for the dukedom. For four centuries that theory remained just that - a theory.
following a study into the affair, forensic and toxicology experts at the University of Florence believe they have uncovered clear evidence of murder by poisoning.
Francesco's "was a lethal dose, but progressive, and the symptoms were compatible with arsenic poisoning" Donatella Lippi, a professor of history of medicine and a co-author of the study, published in the British Medical Journal on Dec. 21, told The Associated Press.
As rulers, art connoisseurs and financiers of kings, the Medici flourished for centuries in the rough and tumble alliances of old Europe, ruling first the city of Florence then Tuscany from 1430 to 1737.
Francesco ruled from 1574 until his death Oct. 17, 1587, at age 46, 11 days after first taking to his bed and a few hours before his wife.
Scientists Francesco Mari, Aldo Polettini, Elisabetta Bertol and Lippi collected and tested beard hairs from Francesco's grave in the Medici chapels in Florence, as well as other remains found in clay jars in a crypt about 12 miles west of Florence. Bianca's grave was never found.
Tests on the beard hairs proved inconclusive - but samples of Francesco's liver taken from the crypt showed levels of arsenic that were "significantly higher" than those normally found in humans, the scientists said.
But if Francesco was murdered, who did it?
Experts say that, though there is no proof, Ferdinando was the only person with an obvious motive. He wanted his brother's dukedom and his behavior at the time was suspicious - for example, he took charge of his brother's illness, compiling the medical bulletins and minimizing the gravity of Francesco's illness in dispatches to the Holy See.
After their deaths, he ordered immediate autopsies - an unusual step which could have been designed to cover up evidence.
"These important findings, in addition to the historical data collected on the events before and after the almost simultaneous deaths of the grand-ducal couple, allow us to rewrite the historical reconstruction of those events," the study said.
"It sounds pretty reasonable," said Richard J. Hamilton, a medical toxicologist who is Chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine at Drexel University, Philadelphia.
"They've established what they have, they've done an efficient job of matching the DNA," said Hamilton, who read the study but was not affiliated with it. He added that the results were consistent with poisoning.
The only surprising aspect is that Francesco - who had an interest in alchemy and chemistry and was suspected of having poisoned his first wife - could have been poisoned so easily and so quickly, Hamilton said.
However, Angelo Moretto, a clinical and experimental toxicologist with the International Center for Pesticides in Milan, is not entirely convinced.
"They make accusations that are quite strong," he said. "I would have been more low key about it."

Francesco married Giovanna von Österreich on 18 Dec 1565 in Firenze, Toscana, Italia. Giovanna (daughter of Kaiser Ferdinand I von Österreich and Anna Jagiello von Ungarn und Böhmen) was born on 24 Jan 1547 in Wien, Österreich; died on 11 Apr 1578 in Firenze, Toscana, Italia. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Johanna, as pale, thin and charmless as Francesco, was miserably homesick. Ill and unhappy, ignored by her husband, and condemned by the Florentines for her Austrian hauteur, she never felt at home in Florence.
In his way her father-in-law was kind to her. He had the courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio specially decorated for her; the lunettes were painted with murals of Austrian towns by pupils of Vasari, and Verocchio's gay fountain of the little urchin with a spouting fish was brought down from the Careggi villa where it had been set up in the garden by Lorenzo il Magnifico.
In twelve years of marriage, she gave birth to eight children; then, on 10 April 1578 aged only thirty-one, she died in Florence. Francesco then married his mistress, Bianca Capello.

"The Rise and Fall of The House of Medici", by Christopher Hibbert.

Notes:

rules a vast domain that includes Spain, its possessions in America and Italy, the Low Countries, and Portugal. Philip rules his vast lands from Madrid (and the great monastery-palace that he has constructed at the Escorial) with hard work,
attention to detail and a suspicious eye. At almost 70 years old, he is still a formidable figure.

Revolt broke out in the Low Countries in 1566, and Philip--who is a devout Roman Catholic --became embroiled in a struggle that lasted until 1648. English and French efforts on behalf of the Dutch rebels led Philip to attempt an invasion of England in 1588. The disastrous results were the now infamous Rout of the Spanish Armada by Drake. Since then he has engaged in a series of costly and inconclusive adventures in France. The expense of these efforts and of the struggle with the Turks was more than even the enormous resources of his empire could bear, precipitating the economic decline that left Spain prostrate in the next century. Although his forces defeated the Turks at Lepanto in 1571 and recently have been regaining the southern part of the Netherlands, Philip's life has been one of near-constant war. Philip's private life was a difficult as his public one. Maria of Portugal, his first wife, died in1545 after only 2 years of marriage. Her son was Don Carlos, who was so dangerous and violent that Phillip was forced to imprison him. From 1554-1558 he was married to Mary I of England, in an unhappy marriage that produce no children. In 1568, when Don Carlos and Philip's third wife, Elizabeth of Valois (sister of Henri III, with whom he had two daughters, the eldest of which he proposed as heir to the crown of France after the death of Henri III), died within a few months of each other, Philip was accused of murdering both of them. Philip married Anne of Austria in 1570; they have had four sons, three of whom died in childhood. Phillip is a staunch supporter of the Catholic church, and has put down two internal rebellions in the past twenty years (the Moriscos in1570 and the Aragonese in 1591). He is generally seen as a stern but just ruler by the Spanish.

Felipe married Anna von Österreich on 14 Nov 1570 in Segovia, España. Anna (daughter of Kaiser Maximiliaan II von Österreich and Maria d' Espana) was born on 2 Nov 1549 in Cigales; died on 26 Oct 1580 in Badajoz. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Aartshertog van Steiermarken
Gründer des Gestüts Lipiza in 1580

Karl married Maria Anna von Bayern. Maria (daughter of Albrecht V von Bayern and Anna von Österreich) was born on 21 Mar 1551 in München, Bayern, Deutschland; died on 29 Apr 1608 in Graz, Steiermark, Österreich. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Friedrich married Louise Juliana von Nassau on 12 Jun 1593 in Dillenburg, Deutschland. Louise (daughter of Stadhouder Willem I von Nassau, "de Zwijger" and Charlotte de Bourbon) was born on 31 Mar 1576 in Dordrecht, Zuid-Holland, Nederland; died on 15 Mar 1644 in Königsberg, Preußen. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Prominent People: *

Notes:

Koning van Schotland vanaf 1567, koning van Engeland 1603-1625. Gaat graag op jacht, is royaal met het uitdelen van voorrechten en geld en vermoedelijk homosexueel.

James married Anna af Danmark on 22 Dec 1589 in Oslo, Norge. Anna (daughter of Konge Frederik II af Danmark and Sophie von Mecklenburg-Güstrow) was born on 12 Oct 1574 in Skanderborg, Jutland, Danmark; died on 12 Mar 1619 in Hampton Court, London, Middlesex, England; was buried in Westminster, London, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

crowned Queen of Scotland 17 May 1590

Notes:

"de geleerde". 1592 - 1627

Moritz married Gräfin Agnes zu Solms-Laubach. Agnes (daughter of Graf Johann Georg I zu Solms-Laubach and Margarete von Schönburg-Glauchau) was born on 7 Jan 1578; died on 23 Nov 1602. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Philipp married Katharina Belgica von Nassau-Oranien in 1596. Katharina (daughter of Stadhouder Willem I von Nassau, "de Zwijger" and Charlotte de Bourbon) was born on 31 Jul 1578; died on 12 Apr 1648. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

seigneur de Mortemart

René married Jeanne de Saulx-Tavannes on 1 Jan 1570. Jeanne (daughter of Baron Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes and Françoise de la Baume) was born in Oct 1547 in Saulieu; died on 22 Oct 1626 in Montpipeau. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

seigneur du Plessis-Anger

Charles married Princesse Diane d' Escars in 1573. Diane (daughter of Jean d' Escars and Anne de Clermont-Tonnerre) was born after 1561; died on 4 Jul 1611. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

princesse de Carency