Heraclius

Abt 575 - 641  (66 years)    Has more than 100 ancestors and more than 100 descendants in this family tree.

• Name	Heraclius
  Birth	Abt 575
  Gender	Male
  Death	11 Feb 641
  Siblings	3 Siblings
  + 1. Heraclius,   b. Abt 575   d. 11 Feb 641  (Age 66 years) ▻ NN;   Eudokia,  m. 5 Oct 610 ;   Martina,  m. 613 + 2. Maria de Byzantie,   b. Abt 577   d. Yes, date unknown ▻ Martinus   3. Theodoros de Byzantie,   b. Abt 580   d. 652-653, Heliopolis  (Age 73 years) + 4. Gregoria de Byzantie,   b. Abt 585   d. Yes, date unknown ▻ Niketas de Byzantie
  Person ID	I490622	Geneagraphie | Voorouders HW, Ahnen BvS
  Last Modified	19 Mar 2010

  
  

  Father	Herakleios von Kathargo, "the Elder",   b. Abt 550   d. 610 (Age 60 years)
  Mother	Epiphania de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown
  Family ID	F101630	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family 1	NN   d. Yes, date unknown
  Children	1. Johannes Athalric,   b. Abt 610   d. Yes, date unknown
  Family ID	F101622	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart
  Last Modified	30 Oct 2009

  
  

  Family 2	Eudokia,   b. Abt 580   d. 612 (Age 32 years)
  Marriage	5 Oct 610
  Children	+ 1. Epiphania de Byzantie,   b. 7 Jul 611   d. Yes, date unknown + 2. Konstantin de Byzantie, III,   b. 3 May 612   d. 20 Apr 641-26 May 641 (Age 29 years)
  Family ID	F197174	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart
  Last Modified	19 Mar 2010

  
  

  Family 3	Martina,   b. Abt 600   d. 641, Rhodos (Age 41 years)
  Marriage	613
  this marriage was never approved of by either the people of Constantinople or the Church. Despite his disapproval and attempts to convince Heraclius to repudiate Martina, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople performed the ceremony himself and crowned Martina in the Augustaeum after she was proclaimed Augusta by Heraclius. Even the members of the imperial family voiced their objections, with Heraclius' brother (and Martina's uncle) Theodore continually criticising Heraclius because of this relationship. However, the Emperor and the Empress were clearly a very close couple: Martina accompanied her husband in his most difficult campaigns against the Persians. She was also at his side at Antioch when the news was received of the serious defeat by the Arabs at the river Yarmuk in August 636 .
  Children	1. Heraklonas de Byzantie,   b. 626   d. Aft 641 (Age 16 years)   2. Fabius de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   3. Theodosios de Byzantie,   b. Abt 622, Irân d. Bef 641 (Age 19 years)   4. Constantine de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   5. Constantine Heraclius de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   6. David de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   7. Martinos de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   8. Augoustina de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   9. Anastasia de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown   10. Febronia de Byzantie   d. Yes, date unknown
  Family ID	F197175	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart
  Last Modified	30 Oct 2009

  
  

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• Notes

  Heraclius' family was almost certainly of Armenian origin, though beyond that there is little specific information known about his ancestry. Though the younger Heraclius' birthplace is unknown, he grew up in Roman Africa; according to one tradition, he engaged in gladiatorial combat with lions as a youth. In 608 , the Heraclius the Elder renounced his loyalty to the Emperor Phocas , who had overthrown Maurice six years earlier. The rebels issued coins showing both Heraclii dressed as consuls , though neither of them explicitly claimed the imperial title at this time. The younger Heraclius' cousin Niketas launched an overland invasion of Egypt ; by 609, he had defeated Phocas's general Bonosus and secured the province. Meanwhile, the younger Heraclius sailed eastward with another force via Sicily and Cyprus . As he approached Constantinople , he made contact with leading aristocrats in the city, and soon arranged a ceremony where he was crowned and acclaimed as emperor. When he reached the capital, the Excubitors , an elite imperial guard unit led by Phocas's own son-in-law Priscus, deserted to Heraclius, and he entered the city without serious resistance. Heraclius personally executed Phocas. On October 5 , 610 , Heraclius was crowned for a second time, this time in the Chapel of St. Stephen within the Great Palace, and at the same time wed his betrothed, Fabia, who took the name Eudokia. She was beloved in Constantinople, and after she died in 612 he married his niece Martina in 623; this second marriage was considered incestuous and was very unpopular. In the reign of Heraclius' two sons, the divisive Martina was to become the center of power and political intrigue. When Heraclius took power, the Empire was in a desperate situation. Phocas's initial revolt had stripped the Danube frontier of troops, leaving the most of the Balkans at the mercy of the Avars . Chosroes II of the Sassanid Empire had been restored to his throne by Maurice and they had remained allies. He had used the death of his ally Maurice as an excuse to launch a war against the Byzantines. Chosroes had at his court a man who claimed to be Maurice's son Theodosius, and Chosroes demanded that the Byzantines accept him as Emperor. The Persians had slowly gained the upper hand in Mesopotamia over the course of Phocas' reign; when Heraclius' revolt resulted in civil war, the Persians took advantage of the internal conflict to advance deep into Syria . Heraclius offered peace terms to the Persians upon his accession, but Khosrau refused to treat with him, viewing him as just another usurper of the throne of Theodosius I . Heraclius' initial military moves against the Persians ended disastrously, and the Persians rapidly advanced westward. They took Damascus in 613, Jerusalem in 614 (damaging the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and capturing the Holy Cross in the process), and Egypt in 616. They made raids deep into Anatolia as far as Chalcedon , a town lying almost opposite of Constantinople across the Bosphorus . At night, it was said, the people of Constantinople would see Persian watch-fires and their reflection on the water. The Persians were also in communication with the Avars. The situation was so grave that Heraclius reportedly considered moving the capital from Constantinople to Carthage , but was dissuaded by Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople . He remained in the East and worked on reorganizing the Byzantine military. He developed the idea of granting land to individuals in return for hereditary military service. The land so granted was organised into thema , a Greek word to describe a division of troops within a large district under military administration, each theme being placed under the command of a strategos or military governor. This arrangement ensured the continuance of the Empire for hundreds of years and enabled Heraclius to reconquer lands taken by the Persians, ravaging Persia along the way. According to the trend in more recent scholarship, the theme system was actually developed by Heraclius' successors, most notably his grandson Constans II . On the other hand, the blueprint for it was provided by the exarchates set up by Maurice at Carthage and Ravenna. Once he had rebuilt the army, Heraclius took the field himself in 621 , the first emperor to campaign against a foreign enemy in person since Theodosius I . Confident that Constantinople was well defended, and unwilling to engage in a war of attrition over the lost eastern provinces, he marched across Asia Minor and invaded Persia itself. He would stay on campaign for several years. In 626 , Constantinople itself was besieged by the Avars; but Persian attempts to cross the Bosporus and aid the Avars were repulsed by the Byzantine navy, and the Avars withdrew. Meanwhile, Heraclius acquired the assistance of the Khazars and other Turkic troops. Heraclius also exploited divisions within the Persian Empire, keeping the great Persian general Shahrbaraz neutral by convincing him that Chosroes had grown jealous of him and ordered his execution. At the Battle of Nineveh in 627, the Roman forces (without the Khazars who left Heraclius) defeated the Persians under Rhahzadh . When Chosroes still refused to make peace, Heraclius continued his campaign; as he approached the Persian capital of Ctesiphon , the Persian aristocracy deposed Chosroes. His successor Kavadh II made peace with Heraclius by restoring all the empire's former territories. The Persian Sassanid dynasty never recovered from this war; it took years for a strong king to emerge from a series of coups, and soon the Arab Caliphate overwhelmed the sinking state. Heraclius took for himself the ancient Persian title of "King of Kings ", virtually dropping the traditional Roman imperial title of "Augustus". Later on, starting in 629, he styled himself simply as Basileus , the standard Greek word for "monarch", and that title was used by the eastern Roman emperors for the next 800 years. Heraclius also Hellenised the Empire by largely discontinuing the use of Latin as its official language, replacing it with Greek . The empire continued to call itself Roman throughout the rest of its history, but in the eastern empire the term also increasingly came to be used as a Greek self-descriptive. In 630 , he reached the height of his power, marching barefoot as a pious Christian pilgrim into Jerusalem and restoring the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Muhammad had recently succeeded in unifying all the nomadic tribes of the Arabian Peninsula . The Arabs, who had been too divided in the past to pose a military threat, now comprised one of the most powerful states in the region, and were animated by their new conversion to Muhammad's religion of Islam . Heraclius fell ill soon after his triumph over the Persians and never took the field again. When the Arab Muslims attacked Syria and Palestine in 634 , he was unable to oppose them personally, and his generals failed him. The Battle of Yarmuk in 636 resulted in a crushing defeat for the larger Roman army and within three years, Syria and Palestine were lost again. By the time of Heraclius' death, most of Egypt had fallen as well. Although his defeat of the Persians produced no lasting benefit to the empire, Heraclius still ranks among the greatest of the Byzantine emperors. His reforms of the government reduced the corruption which had taken hold in the disastrous reign of Phocas, and he reorganized the military with great success. Ultimately, the reformed imperial army halted the Muslims in Asia Minor and held on to Carthage for another 60 years, saving a core from which the empire's strength could be rebuilt. The recovery of the eastern areas of the Byzantine Empire from the Persians once again raised the problem of religious unity centering around the understanding of the true nature of Jesus Christ . Most of the inhabitants of these provinces were Monophysites who rejected the Council of Chalcedon . Heraclius tried to promote a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism ; however, this philosophy was rejected as heretical by both sides of the dispute. For this reason, Heraclius was viewed as a heretic and bad ruler by some later religious writers. After the Monophysite provinces were finally lost to the Muslims, Monotheletism rather lost its raison d'être and was eventually abandoned. At least two of his children with Martina were handicapped, which was seen as punishment for the illegality of the marriage. During the last years of Heraclius' life, it became evident that a struggle was taking place between Heraclius Constantine and Martina who was trying to position her son Heraklonas in line for the throne. When Heraclius died, in his will he left the empire to both Heraclius Constantine and Heraklonas to rule jointly with Martina as Empress and mother of both. The son of a governor of Africa, he succeeded the tyrant Phocas, whom he deposed and had executed. In the early years of his reign Avars and Bulgars threatened, attacking even Constantinople, and the Persians conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. In three costly campaigns (622-28) Heraclius recovered the provinces from the Persians, but they fell (629-42) to the Muslim Arabs. He sought to reconcile the Monophysites with the Orthodox Church; this attempt led to the compromise of Monotheletism, which was rejected by both sides. Heraclius began the reorganization of the empire into military provinces (themes). 610-641 AD 602 AD The new, Byzantine general, Phocas was admitted by the disaffected people into Constantinople where the Senate greeted him. The Emperor Maurice tried to flee, but was caught. Maurice and his whole family were put to death. The Senate decreed Phocas as the new Emperor (602-610 AD). Then the Persians declared war against the Byzantines, which the Avars, and their allies were happy about. 602-610 AD The Persians attacked Byzantine possessions in the East, and won many victories. Eastern provinces within the Byzantine Empire fell to the Persians and only began to be slowed when Emperor Phocas was removed forcibly from office by General Heraclius. 610 AD Heraclius became the new Byzantine Emperor (610-641 AD). The Emperor got to work, and the Persians were hindered in their progress to an extent. During this time, Kubrat came to the capital, Constantinople, and became educated in Byzantine ways. Organa thought this was a good idea, since the Onogunduri had always wanted eventually to gain their independence from the Avars. The Byzantines in turn hoped to see the Bulgars do this since it would significantly decrease Avar power. Organa may have done this under some other pretext than having Kubrat be a hostage so as to not endanger the Dulo dynasty should war break out between the Avars and the Byzantines.